Explain the concept of cyber-physical systems (CPS).

The concept of cyber-physical systems (CPS) centers around the integration of computation, networking, and physical processes. This integration creates a cohesive system where physical processes are monitored and controlled through cyber elements, such as software and network communications. CPS enable real-time data exchange between the physical world and its digital representation, allowing for sophisticated monitoring, control, and automation.

This synergy plays a crucial role in Industry 4.0, where CPS are essential for developing smart manufacturing environments. They facilitate improvements in efficiency, productivity, and safety by enabling advanced analytics, predictive maintenance, and enhanced decision-making capabilities through data-driven insights.

In contrast to the other options, CPS are not limited to systems that operate without human input, as human interaction and oversight can be integral to their operation. Additionally, they cannot simply focus on physical processes without incorporating digital elements, as this would not meet the defining characteristic of a CPS. Finally, while traditional manufacturing methods exist, they lack the advanced interconnectedness and responsiveness that define cyber-physical systems, making CPS a significant evolution in manufacturing and other industries.