What device automates various manufacturing processes and is often referred to as a small computer?

The device that is often referred to as a small computer and is used to automate various manufacturing processes is a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). A PLC is designed specifically for industrial control systems that require automation, providing the capability to perform multiple functions—such as sequencing, timing, counting, and arithmetic—while also being robust enough to withstand harsh manufacturing environments.

PLCs operate through programmable software, allowing for a high degree of flexibility in controlling machinery and production lines. They are integral to automating processes because they can receive input from various sensors and other devices, process that data according to pre-defined logic, and then output control signals to machinery.

Moreover, the PLC's versatility and ease of programming have made it a staple in Industry 4.0 environments where smart manufacturing and interconnected devices play a crucial role in optimizing operations.